udpscope/CLAUDE.md

CLAUDE.md

This file provides guidance to Claude Code (claude.ai/code) when working with code in this repository.

Build and run

git submodule update --init --recursive          # deps/plotter is a submodule
cmake -S . -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo
cmake --build build

./build/udpscope --server 127.0.0.1 --port 8000
./build/udpscope --server 10.0.0.5 --port 8000 --multicast 239.1.2.3 --interface 10.0.0.9

Options: --server, --port, --multicast, --interface, --buffer-mb (per buffer, default 200), --max-window, --holdoff, --recv-buffer, --plots (the row count to start with, 1..RowSet::kMaxRows; the layout editor owns it afterwards).

Run with no --server and udpscope asks which source to open: the sessions it has stored, plus a form for a new host. Every probe below passes --server, so none of them sees it.

deps/plotter is built from source with only the GTK4 adapter enabled (PLOT_BUILD_GTK4); its tests and examples are forced off. deps/udpsclient is a vendored C99 source pair compiled into a static lib.

deps/plotter is upstream's own repository and this app's figure support was added there rather than worked around here: Figure::set_min_y_gutter() (a floor under the common left gutter), and in the GTK4 adapter PlotArea's figure mode — set_figure(), one input::Controller per row, nearest-row event routing, a figure-wide crosshair — plus PlotArea::row_at() for naming the row a pointer is over.

The render-quality work went there for the same reason: kTextFS now filters the glyph atlas (a 2×2 bilinear clamped to the instance's own cell) instead of point-sampling it, and LineProgram::set_snap() / u_snap rounds an axis-aligned segment's ink onto whole pixels for the chrome that frames a plot (grid and axis lines), never for anything drawn at a data position. generate_ticks() also stores the tick at the origin as exactly 0.0 — the walk starts at ceil(min/stride)*stride and so never lands on zero when the stride is not a power of two, which labelled it -139a. All three carry upstream tests — the_atlas_is_filtered_not_point_sampled, grid_hairlines_land_on_whole_pixels and the_tick_at_the_origin_reads_zero. The minor grid's look is set there too, not here: grid_minor carries 50% alpha, grid_minor_width is 0.75 (sub-pixel, expressed as coverage at 1x) and grid_minor_dash_on/_off are 3/3 — a fragment discard, no extra geometry — so the subdivisions read as texture under the labelled grid instead of as a second set of ticks (the_minor_grid_is_thinner_dashed_and_dimmer_than_the_major). README records what they cured.

Changing any of this means committing in the submodule and moving its pin, and running the library's own suite as well as the udpscope probes below:

cmake --build deps/plotter/build/debug
xvfb-run -a deps/plotter/build/debug/tests/plot_tests     # expect "0 failed"

Verification

There is no unit test suite. The only automated check is the app's own headless self-check, driven by env vars and run under a display (xvfb-run, llvmpipe) against a live UDPStreamer source:

xvfb-run -a env UDPSCOPE_EXIT_AFTER_MS=8000 UDPSCOPE_ENABLE_ALL_MS=1000 \
  ./build/udpscope --server 127.0.0.1 --port 8000

• UDPSCOPE_EXIT_AFTER_MS — run the trigger-on → go-live probe, close the window, then dump the whole pipeline state to stdout (frame/sample counts, per-plot painted frames, trace bindings, panel sizes, status line in both states).

• UDPSCOPE_ENABLE_ALL_MS, UDPSCOPE_ARM_TRIGGER_MS, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_DISARM_MS, UDPSCOPE_TRIG_TRACE_MS — schedule individual probes. UDPSCOPE_PROBE_DISARM_MS only starts its sequence: it switches the trigger on and then polls for a capture to open, so the Disarm lands ~300 ms into one rather than wherever a fixed delay happened to fall.

• UDPSCOPE_PROBE_FIELDS_MS — change the trigger panel's edge and Normal/Single dropdowns. As much a crash test as a state check (see the GTK signal-signature invariant below), so time it inside a capture: [fields-probe] ... capturing=1 followed by no SIGSEGV is the assertion.

• UDPSCOPE_PROBE_WINDOW_MS — drive the window control every way a user can: type a number, change the unit under it, step a decade either way.

• UDPSCOPE_PROBE_LAYOUT_MS — drive the layout editor: switch it on, insert above the first row, remove a row, append one at the bottom, switch it off. Its steps are 200 ms apart on purpose — the buttons are placed from the rects the last frame was laid out with, so a synchronous sequence would read every position one action stale. It clicks by emitting ::clicked, never gtk_widget_activate(), which holds a GtkButton for its 250 ms ACTIVATE_TIMEOUT and then emits into a button the rebuild has already destroyed.

• [measure-probe] N measurements on 'X' (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_MEASURE_MS) — adds one measurement of each statistical type (average, top, peak to peak, amplitude) on the first channel and forces a recompute. It must name a channel, not signals().front(): the first signal of a stream is its timestamp, which is not acquired, and naming it adds four measurements that all read -- and makes a performance run look free (each bails before collecting anything -- that is how the first baseline of the stall below read 0.4 ms). The values are in the exit dump as measurements: <type>=<value>; on the fast mock (tools/mock_udpstreamer.py --rate 1300000 --batch 2000) a unit sine must read peak to peak=2, amplitude=1, average=0 and top=0.636620 -- 2/pi, the half-wave mean of a sine, which is the check that the threshold types are not merely plausible. [measure-trace] view=[..] <type>=<value>... marks=N level:V/time:V... is a repeating line (250 ms) from the probe: the pane's numbers beside the current window and the marks actually placed, which is the only way a stale result or a mark that should not be drawn shows up as a number. It must never print marks=0 while measurements with show_on_plot are on and the data is there -- that was the rulers blinking off at a mode change. measure cost: N recomputes, X ms total, Y ms each, data D ms (P%), covered=C buckets=B raw=R (F%), N ns/covered sample follows it: read it against a run with UDPSCOPE_PROBE_MEASURE_MS unset, because a frame mean cannot attribute a cost. The last three fields are the assertion, and they are a ratio, not a time: covered is the samples the window spans, buckets the LOD buckets the two walks answered from, and raw the samples they still had to read. raw must stay at a fraction of a percent of covered on a clean waveform over a window of millions -- 0.1% is what the pyramid-backed walks give (see the measurement-cost invariant below). A raw near covered means the walks went back to reading the window, which at 1 MS/s is 19.7 ms per recompute and a third of the run's frames. It is legitimately near covered for a window shorter than a bucket (64 samples) or a signal noisy enough to straddle a level everywhere, so read it on the fast mock (tools/mock_udpstreamer.py --rate 1300000 --batch 2000), where a window is ~2 M samples. Note the final measurements: line and [measure-trace]'s last lines may read --: UDPSCOPE_EXIT_AFTER_MS arms the trigger before it dumps, so the dump can land in Waiting with nothing bound and the axis at its default. The race-free reading is an earlier [measure-trace] line, which carries its own view=; those lines are also where the level-mark fallback is visible (an invalid pass must still print its level: marks).

• [pan-probe] asked=[..] was=[..], [pan-probe] after=[..] held=D asked=[..], then [pan-probe] zoom asked=[..] after=[..] span=S window=W limited=L (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_PAN_MS) — held must be 1: a gesture must not move a window that is pinned (trigger mode, or a paused view). The probe writes the panned range the way a gesture does — on the member axis, which Figure::layout() adopts into the group — and reports the axis the frame after it produced. Time it inside one pinned state: a pan during a capture whose check lands after the capture has ended is re-framed by the mode change, not by the pin, and reads held=1 with the hold removed (that is how the first version of this probe fooled me). The pause probe makes a stable pin, so run them together: UDPSCOPE_PROBE_PAUSE_MS=1500 UDPSCOPE_PROBE_PAN_MS=2200 puts the pan and its check inside the pause. With hold_pinned_window() disabled it reads held=0 and the axis sits at the asked range. It then asks for a zoom-in (a window a quarter of what is on screen) and reports group=/member= beside it: allowed must be 1, with both equal to the ask -- that is the single-trigger-mode case, where the wheel has to keep working, and where reading the wrong one of the two made a working clamp look broken. All three verdicts are read from the tick, one frame after the ask: a g_timeout was the first version and it drifted past the paused/resumed boundary under load. The probe then asks for a zoom-out ten times the current span and reports the span the next frame produced: limited must be 1, i.e. span <= window. Run it with a ring that holds more than the window (--buffer-mb 64 past the window's own seconds) — that is the state the old max(retained, window_s_) bound leaked in, and it showed up here as span=2.502550 window=2.000000 limited=0 against span=2.000000 after the fix.

• [zoom-probe] <sweep>/x<step> axis=[..] span=.. n=N idx=[a..b) spp=.. level=L pts=P kept=K back=.. ink=[..] x_at_first=.. gap_px=.. end_px=.. rect=[..] (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_EVENTZOOM_MS) — arms the trigger in single mode, polls for a held event (a latch happens when the stream says so; a sweep on a timer has nothing to zoom into), then zooms in eight doublings twice: ges/ writes the row's own axis the way a gesture does, win/ drives the window control (apply_time_window, which unpins and re-arms the live follow before the pin is restated). Each step's reading is taken in the tick, after that frame's pin and clamp — a g_timeout would report the ask. It recomputes what Renderer::draw_traces is handed, through the same calls: neighbours() for idx, the 64-spp gate for level, then gather(). gap_px and end_px must stay within a pixel or two at every step — they are how much of the left and right margin no geometry reaches, and a gap_px that doubles per step is the "zooming into a held event clips it more and more from the left" defect (374 px of a 716 px axis by ges/x128), whose cause is a constant offset in data seconds (see the neighbours() invariant below). kept/back are the renderer's own increasing-suffix filter counted rather than applied: kept far below pts is a staircase, and a non-zero back is a non-monotonic gather. Run it with --clock-jitter (tools/mock_udpstreamer.py --rate 1300000 --batch 2000 --clock-jitter 0.4): the ideal mock's stamps sit on a perfect grid, which is exactly what hides this class of bug, and three runs against it reported gap_px=0.0 throughout while the defect was live. The jitter varies each packet's spacing rather than offsetting its start, because the stream's clock has to stay strictly increasing. The win/ sweep bottoms out at span=0.05 (RowSet::set_time_window()'s floor) and walks to the event's post side, since set_time_window() frames the newest span before the pin clamps it — both are expected.

• UDPSCOPE_PROBE_PAUSE_MS — pause acquisition mid-run so layout numbers are measured on a still picture. It now also asserts what a pause is ([pause-probe] <action> paused=D ring_produced=N event_size=M frozen_x=[..] axis=[..] on stderr): it presses the button, not Acquisition::set_paused(), because pausing is a display state as well as an acquisition one and the view snapshot and axis pin live in the handler. Across the three lines ring_produced must grow (the producer never stops — it fills the live ring exactly as it does with the trigger off), event_size must be non-zero exactly while paused (the plot is bound to the frozen snapshot, not the ring) and frozen_x must not move between the pause and the resume; after the resume event_size is 0 and the window is back on the newest data. Pausing used to stop the producer, which is why the counts grew by nothing and the resume left a hole.

• UDPSCOPE_EXPORT_MS (+ optional UDPSCOPE_EXPORT_PATH, default /tmp/udpscope-export) — collect the export table and write it both ways, skipping only the file chooser.

Run one self-check at a time. Two concurrent xvfb-run -a instances end up on the same display and the second gets no GL context — it dumps layout over 0 frames and valid=-1, which looks like a pipeline failure and is not one. tools/mock_udpstreamer.py also outlives its --duration, so kill it after each run or the leftovers pile up and hold ports.

Two lines of the self-check output are assertions in disguise:

• layout over N frames: axes.x A..B, ... — viewport.w must collapse to a single value and axes.x, axes.w and y-gutter must settle. note_y_gutter() is monotone (plot_host.cpp), its one-shot widest-label reservation can land a frame or two after the first measured frame, and the figure serves its floor out of the label strip (y_width = max(measured, floor - y_title_w), plot.cpp) so the reservation converges over two layouts rather than one. A y-gutter 44..74 dragging axes.x 67..80/axes.w 546..559 with it is that settle, not a twitch — confirm it with the changes line below. A range that keeps moving is the "twitching axis" bug: the plot being re-measured every frame. x-desync must read 0: it counts frames in which any row's x range differed from row 0's by more than a pixel of data, i.e. frames the x link group did not reach. x-ticks is content, not layout, and legitimately varies by one as a live window slides over a round number. The companion axes.w changes: N (last at frame F, side panel up=S) line separates the two readings: 0, or a handful near the start, is a settled layout; a count near the frame count is the twitch. Runs far longer than the documented probes have shown one ~320 px step — the side panel's width — that reverts; it is intermittent and unexplained, so read changes before calling a range the twitch bug.
• [trig-probe] ... trigger=on ... display=... epoch=... (stderr, UDPSCOPE_TRIG_TRACE_MS) — with trigger=on, display must read event(frozen), live(capturing) or nothing, never plain live, except for the single interval that contains the toggle itself — recognise it by latches=0 and the next probe reading nothing or live(capturing) with a frozen axis=. Plain live with the trigger on is the old "the plot keeps scrolling in trigger mode" defect; the named live(capturing) is the feature. In that state epoch= must equal minus the capture's edge and axis= must stay at [-pre..+post] across consecutive probes while data='s upper bound climbs towards +post — an axis that moves instead means the capture is being treated as a live view (clamp_to_data() reaching a pinned window). epoch= must be back to 0.0000 in every other state. Note the probe reads pending= fresher than display= (which is last tick's decision), so a single pending=0 display=live(capturing) line is one frame of sampling skew, not a defect. And snap=[a..b] must equal axis=[a..b], with b positive by roughly the post-trigger share: that is the "post window is empty" defect's observable. drawn=[a..b] must equal data=[a..b] in both modes: data is x_at() (what the crosshair reads) and drawn is x0() + gather() (what the renderer maps), so a series that breaks the "gather emits x relative to x0()" contract shows up here as the two disagreeing by exactly x0() — a trace drawn a whole pre-trigger window left of its axis, invisible once the view is narrower than the shift, while the crosshair keeps reporting correct values.
• [trig-probe/idx] n=.. bounds=[..] dx=.. dx_real=.. dx_ratio=R got=[a..b) want=[c..d) (stderr, same probe) — got must contain want (a <= c and b >= d), and dx_ratio must stay within about a percent of 1.0. got is the index window Renderer::draw_traces gathers today — neighbours(), one sample of slack either side — and want is the same window from the same call, so read this line for the rate: dx_ratio is the nominal dx() against the real last-spacing, and it is the number that used to matter. It above 1 (every index scaled up, a past the first visible sample, the samples in between in the buffer and readable by the crosshair but never drawn) was the live view whose older part went blank while its newest part looked fine. That is a fixed defect: the renderer no longer walks the grid at all, because on a ring-backed series it also lost the two end segments and left the left and right margins of a zoomed-in view empty. The guard for it is the library's own pixel test (a_sparse_window_between_samples_still_inks_both_margins), not this line — a probe that recomputes the renderer's formula cannot see a renderer that changed it. Also read axis= in the companion line against the window control: line in the dump — a live axis narrower than the requested window is the same symptom from the other cause (see the clamp_to_data() invariant below). Both need a saturated ring to show up, so run them under --buffer-mb 1, which wraps in a few seconds.
• trigger: edge at X ... want [-a..b] got [-c..d] n=N (stderr) — got must equal want and N must be exactly the window times the stream's real rate, plus one (2 s at 10 kS/s is n=20001, not 19999). got shorter than want on the left means the edge was accepted before the history reached back a full pre window (the gate in TriggerEngine::process()); shorter on the right means the engine latched early or the cut lost the newest samples. An N one or two short of the exact count is the same class of bug, not rounding: publish_event() clamps the slice to every value ring's produced(), so publishing before each channel of the latching sample has been pushed silently drops it.
• [disarm-probe] was_capturing=1 display=.. seq=A->B events=C->D snap=[a..b] n=N axis=[..] (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_DISARM_MS) — with was_capturing=1, display must read event(frozen) and snap/axis must be [-pre..e] where e is how far the post window had filled, with n that span times the stream's real rate plus one. display=nothing (or a snap from the previous event) is the "disarming mid-capture makes the event completely disappear" defect. seq must advance by exactly one while events does not move: no event fired, so the partial publish deliberately leaves trigger_latches() alone — which is also what keeps the trigger events: N total, M at the disarm line in the dump meaning what it says.
• [export-probe] mode=.. axis=[a..b] rows=N cols=M time=[c..d] stream=[..] (stderr, UDPSCOPE_EXPORT_MS) — time= must equal axis= and rows= must be the span times the stream's real rate, plus one (2 s at 10 kS/s is 20001). The export is the visible range at the stored rate, so a count far short of that is a table cut from the LOD pyramid, and a time= narrower than axis= is a window searched on the wrong clock (the live branch subtracts display_epoch() before searching the ring). In mode=event, stream= must be the edge ± the window; in mode=live it equals time=. The one exception to both: an export taken mid-capture reports mode=live with time=[-pre..e] where e is how far the post window has filled, and stream= offset from it by the edge (so stream - time reads the edge exactly) — the export is what is on screen, and during a capture that is a partly filled window. Pin the probe outside a capture when checking the rows= count. The two bytes= lines are the writers: the .npy is 64·⌈(10+len(header)+1)/64⌉ + rows·(16 + 4·cols), so a size that is not that is a mispacked record. Read it back with pd.DataFrame(np.load(path)) after changing either writer.
• [window-probe] <action> label=.. entry=.. unit=U window=W event_span=E cap=C decim=M stored=R aa=F buffered=B (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_WINDOW_MS) — window must equal event_span on every line (the trigger's event span is the display window; a capture cut to a different length than the axis frames is the "post window is empty" defect's cousin) and neither may exceed cap. The unit ms->s line is the one that catches the feedback loop: changing the unit re-interprets the typed number, so "500" in ms becomes 500 s exactly, and a window=499.98 there means the control re-parsed its own rounded readout (8.333 min × 60) instead of the request — see the window_sync_unit invariant below. label is a reading to three decimals in a natural unit and is expected to be lossy (500 s reads 8.333 min); it is the window= figure that has to be exact. For the resampling: buffered must be ≥ window on every line — that is what the decimation is for, and a buffered short of the window is the old "the control is capped to what the ring holds" behaviour coming back. decim must be a power of two, stored × decim must equal the wire rate, and aa must be exactly stored / 2. Run it under --buffer-mb 1, which saturates in a few seconds and makes windows past ~6 s decimate; at 200 MB nothing inside --max-window needs to.
• The anti-alias check is the same probe run against a waveform above the stored Nyquist: --buffer-mb 1 --freq 2000 with the probe ending on a 60 s window gives decim=16, a 625 S/s stored rate and a 312.5 Hz corner, and the channel dump's ch 0 'sine' ... y=[-0.059, 0.079] is the assertion — a boxcar of 16 at 10 kS/s passes 2 kHz at about 6%. A y=[-1, 1] there means the filter is gone and the 2 kHz sine has aliased to a full-amplitude 125 Hz one, which looks entirely plausible on screen. This is the only check that distinguishes averaging from striding.
• [cursors-probe] gestureless plot move with no gesture: stored A -> B ignored=D — a plot-level set_cursor_x() with no gesture behind it must be ignored (ignored=1, and A == B): the tick reads a row only while its controller holds a cursor, and this line is the guard for the defect where it adopted its own echo and a dragged cursor sprang back. (The adoption half -- a gesture that does move a cursor, and the shared value reaching every row -- is asserted in the check_host harness, which can call sync_cursors(row) directly; a synthetic press here cannot reach the adapter's own event pump.)
• [cursors-probe] <action> mode=.. on=D pane=D t0=.. t1=.. dt=.. T=[..] lines=N [..] (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_CURSORS_MS) — walks vertical → horizontal → both → mix, then moves a marker through the plot (Plot::set_cursor_x(..., Free), which is what a drag does) and reports again. The times must survive every mode change: they are the RowSet's one pair, and a mode that parks the markers must not read them back (a parked cursor reports a real number, so a read-back would adopt it as a gesture — the bug that made T0 read 0). lines must be 0 for vertical, one per row for horizontal/both (and the time row exists only in the modes that show the vertical pair — T=[] in horizontal is the assertion that it does not), and one per bound trace for mix — a slot with a name and a channel the model built, never a name alone (see the bound-slot invariant below; lines=6 marks=3 over three real traces is that defect). Each line reports as <name>=<A> <B> <dY>, so the names are the reading: a row claiming a signal that is not on a plot is the phantom. In mix the values must be the traces' own (-- when a marker is past the newest sample, partial when only one marker is over samples). After the move, t0 must have changed and every row's marker must have followed it (the report's t0 is the shared value). marks is the mix mode's crossing annotations: 0 in every other mode, and one per bound trace for each marker that is over samples in mix (so a move that brings the second marker into the data doubles it). The first mark at x=.. y=.. line that follows must agree with the pane's first value for the same trace (the pane's lines are chip name Y1 Y2 dY -- the chip carries the signal's name, since a chip alone leaves the user to match a colour against the plot by eye -- with the values formatted as measurements, two decimals, an SI prefix, the channel's unit, so the comparison is against the first number): both are read through the same Plot::crosshair_value(), and that line is the check that they stay the same number. A ruler drag is the other direction and the other hazard: the pane's A/B cells for a ruler row must change when the ruler moves (after ruler drag in the probe walks the first ruler to 80% of its y range), because nothing shares a ruler and the read-back in RowSet::sync_cursors() is the only thing that can notice. The dump's cursors in plot 0: line is the other half: it reads the markers back out of the plot (cursor(id).x/.visible), which is what the renderer draws from — the pane's numbers and the plot's state agreeing is the difference between "the app placed them" and "the app placed them and they are on screen".
• [measures-probe] + the dump's measure N: 'sig' type thr=..% above=D show=D -> ok|invalid value text=[..] [duty=..] [marks=..] and measures pane: n=N revealed=D marks_shown=M pane_rows=R pane_w=W pane_h=H (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_MEASURES_MS) — adds one measurement of every type on the first plottable signal and lets the tick compute them, so what it prints is what a user reads. On the test stream's 1 Hz ±1 sine the values must be: average ≈ 0, top ≈ 0.64 and bottom ≈ -0.64 (the mean of each half of a sine), max/min ≈ ±1, pulse duration ≈ 0.5 s with duty ≈ 0.5, period ≈ 1 s and frequency ≈ 1 Hz. marks= lists each mark with its kind, and the mix is the point: level:V alone for average/top/bottom, level:V,time:T for min/max (a ruler at the value and a marker at the first sample that reached it — two level marks at both extremes was the bug), time:A,time:B for pulse/period/frequency. text= is the pane's own string with its unit, so frequency must read Hz (not the signal's unit), period/pulse duration seconds, and the rest the channel's unit. marks_shown counts two per shown measurement (a min/max showing both its marks counts two of its own). measures window: is the timeliness assertion -- the window the numbers were computed over against the one on screen. The reading that must hold is marks_in_window=K/K: every time mark inside the window on screen. drift itself is a single sample of a sawtooth and is not an assertion on its own: a live view scrolls between recomputes, so it rises to one kMeasureRefreshUs of scroll and drops to zero at each pass. On a 2 s window at the 100 ms cadence the top of that sawtooth is drift=5%, which is what a dump landing just before a scheduled pass reads -- a 0.0000% is a dump that landed just after one, not a better state. Read it against the recompute count: more recomputes with a higher drift sample is the sawtooth, while a drift that exceeds one refresh interval of scroll, or marks outside the window, is the defect. A measurement is recomputed when the window moves (2 % of its span) or the held/live state changes, never on a wall-clock timer: a timer is what let a marker sit outside the viewport and a dragged one survive a frame. marks_selectable must be 0: the measurement marks are created unselectable (Plot::set_cursor_selectable(), which the library gained for this), read back out of the plot here -- re-placing a marker every frame does not stop a drag, because the controller holds it for the gesture's life and the marker follows the pointer between frames. The library's own controller test (an_unselectable_cursor_is_neither_hovered_nor_grabbed) is the other half. The probe's last step still drags a mark programmatically and requires the next frame to put it back (restored=1), which now checks the placement path rather than the read-only property. The dialog report's type= thr= side= show= is the per-type behaviour: period and frequency must show neither the split nor the side row (they compute from the mid level's rising crossings, and an option there is one the user can only get wrong), average/min/max no split either, and only pulse duration a side. A measurement whose signal is not acquired, or a window with too few crossings, must read invalid/-- rather than a made-up number (frequency on a window holding one edge is the case: duty is reported only when a period exists to divide by). The probe then walks the dialog's lifecycle: open the edit dialog on measurement 0, click its Save, open it again, click Delete — measures= must be unchanged after the save and one lower after the delete, with the process still alive. That is the check for the two things a dialog of this shape gets wrong: two buttons owning one context (a double free aborts on edit/delete, and only those paths have two buttons) and a const char* array built from a std::vector<std::string> as it grew (every pointer dangling, the first entry the most visibly). The report's signals=[..] and drop_h are the second and third: the list must be the plotted traces (real names, deduplicated, in signal-list order — not every channel, and never a stream's timestamp signal, which is what an acquired-but- unplotted list put first and auto-selected), and drop_h must be a combo box's height (tens of pixels — a scrolled-window wrapper asked it to grow to 160).
• [timelabels-probe] <action> relative=D window=.. origin=.. note=[..] ticks=[..] first_value=.. first_rel=.. range=[..] + the dump's time labels: relative=D origin=.. note=[..] x_origin_set=.. ticks=[..] first_rel=.. (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_TIMELABELS_MS) — the x label form across a zoom, driven through apply_time_window(): under the figure's x link group the group owns the window, so a row-level set_time_window() does nothing (a probe that changes the window must use the app's path). Absolute at 2 s and at 500 ms, relative=1 below a second, and the caption must be non-empty exactly then. The probe races the paint — it reads the axis on a timer, and the ticks it sees are the previous layout's — so its first_rel (the first major minus the axis' origin) is a fraction of a step; the dump runs after the last paint and is the race-free reading. Either way the assertion that matters is the sum: first_value must equal origin + first_rel as a tick label plus its caption, i.e. the labels and the caption must share one anchor. x_origin_set is read back out of the plot; it must be 0 in the absolute form.
• [fit-probe] <action> window=.. x=[..] span=.. y=[..] (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_FIT_MS) — the two fits, through the same RowSet calls the right-click menu wires. It first puts the y scale and the window where the data is not (a fixed [-100, 100], a 50 ms window), so the assertions have something to be wrong about: fit x must widen the window to the data's span and leave y exactly as it was, and fit all must then move y to the data's own range. A y that changed on the fit x line is the two paths aliased.
• [layout-probe] <action> rows=N buttons=B done=D done_box=[x,y,WxH] rows_y=[..] close=[..] add=[..] traces=[..] (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_LAYOUT_MS) — buttons must be 2N+1 while the editor is up (one × per row, one + per boundary) and 0 on the editor off line: the buttons exist only while the editor does. done follows the same rule for the editor's own exit button (1 up, 0 off), and its done_box on the placed line must sit in the area's top-right corner: x + W within a few pixels of the area width and y within a few of 0 (the on-switch line reports a box from before the first frame, so read the placed one). The last probe step leaves the editor by clicking that button — the toolbar toggle is still exercised by the first step — so buttons=0 done=0 with the rows and traces untouched is the assertion that the way out works. traces= is the real assertion: an insert or a remove moves the rows' contents with them, so add above 0 must read [0:-|1:sine,…] — row 0's signals now on row 1, not renumbered onto the new empty row — and remove 0 must pull them back to 0:. A traces= where the signals stayed on row 0 means carry_row() was skipped and the rows were renumbered under the user. Geometrically, each close= must equal its row's top from rows_y plus the pad, and add= must be centred on the boundaries (so strictly increasing, the first at 0 and the last clamped to the area's bottom). The rows_y spans must tile: a gap other than kRowGap means the figure and the overlay disagree about where a row is, which is how a × ends up on the wrong row. Also read x-desync 0 in the dump — every row the editor adds has to join the one x link group. Run it at --plots 8 as well: the cap and the floor are the two refusals, and because the probe emits ::clicked straight at the widget it reaches the handler even when the button is insensitive, so add above 0 there must leave rows= and traces= untouched rather than growing a ninth row.
• header: window_button_w=W label_w=L bar_w=B (stderr, once a second) — W must be a small constant and must not track B: the window control is a header-bar child, and an expanding one is measured into the title's centre box, so it stretched from the label to the title (516 px at a 1270 px bar before the fix, 121 px after). A W that grows with the window width is that bug back.
• toolbar icons: trigger=NAME(ok) pause=... cursors=... measures=... math=... sidebar=... menu=... (in the exit dump, beside panel controls:) — the icon name every toolbar button carries, with gtk_icon_theme_has_icon()'s verdict. Every entry must read (ok). Four of the names are this app's own (udpscope-trigger-symbolic and friends, a GResource compiled into the binary — see the toolbar-icon invariant below), and a (MISSING) on one of those means the resource path was never registered. That failure is otherwise silent: GTK substitutes a missing-image placeholder, the button still works, and every other line of the dump still passes. Changing an icon name is a one-line change in build_toolbar() and this is the only check that it names something that exists.
• [sources] N known: HOST:PORT plots=P signals=S [multicast=G] [interface=I] | ... (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_SOURCES=1) — the startup chooser's discovery, printed and exited before gtk_init(), so this one needs no display and no xvfb-run. Only sources with a named signal may appear: a development machine accumulates one session file per probe run on a throwaway port (140 of them when this was written), and the filter in known_sources() is what keeps the list the sources a user configured. Order is newest first by file mtime.
• [sources] picked HOST:PORT multicast=G interface=I (stderr, UDPSCOPE_PROBE_PICK_MS) — shows the chooser, then activates row 0 the way a click does and continues into the real application, so a full run with no --server must reach the scope and emit every other dump line unchanged. multicast=/interface= coming back non-empty from a stored row is the assertion that a multicast session reconnects to its group, and it needs no multicast networking: write the session file by hand and read the line. With UDPSCOPE_PROBE_NEWHOST=host:port it drives the form instead — [sources] form open, connect_sensitive=1 then a picked line, with no SIGSEGV, which is as much a crash test of a dialog built and destroyed as it is a state check. An empty list must print picked nothing rather than dereferencing a null row.
• The session layout round trip (~/.config/udpscope/<host>_<port>.toml) — run once with a drop and a window change, then again with no interaction: the second run's dump must read layout loaded from ... and layout: rows=R window_s=W row0=[...] with the first run's values, and the signals it names must come back acquired (a row 0 slot 0 -> channel ... samples=N line). Delete the file before a run whose layout you did not mean to inherit (127.0.0.1_9540.toml and friends accumulate otherwise).
• [udpscope] starved: connected (config=D), reconnects=N, no new frames in the last second ... (stderr, once per second while the state holds, plus a status-line notice) — "connected but nothing is arriving after a reconnect", which over unicast is the second instance taking the source's single session. Two ways to see it without a second client: point the app at a UDP port where nothing answers (the client CONNECTs, times out, reconnects; config=0), and check it does not fire against a live source. The status line carries | N reconnects only when N > 0, which is the same counter without the prose.
• The export's time/stream_time columns must be strictly increasing and evenly spaced. Check the written file, not just the probe: np.diff(t) with no <= 0 and rows / (t[-1] - t[0]) equal to the stored rate (the ch line's figure). Duplicate or backwards stamps mean the recorded timeline holds two clocks or a collapsed cadence — the two ways this has broken: a per-frame choice of time source (now sticky, see the README) and a per-sample step derived from the client's lost counter (now the stream's measured arrival cadence). A rows= count far below the span times the rate is the other signature, that of a table cut from the LOD pyramid.
• badge frames: lit=L dim=D idle=I — the activity badge's phase per frame. Over a run that acquired anything both lit and dim must be non-zero: that is what "it blinks" means, and a badge stuck lit is indistinguishable from a working one in a screenshot. One or two idle frames at the start are the frames before the socket connected; a large idle is correct only when the run paused or disarmed (a UDPSCOPE_PROBE_DISARM_MS run should show hundreds). The mode ... lines carry the rest of the status line, so rate and last event ... ago are checked there.
• frame cost: tick A/B ms over N, draw C/D ms (max at frame F), paint E/G ms over M and frame path: raw=R lod=L frames, segments S/T (mean/max), visible max V samples — the drawing cost, split into the frame tick, PlotArea's own draw (timed from the frame clock's before-paint to the end of the host's render handler) and the whole GTK paint. segments max must stay in the tens of thousands and lod must dominate raw on any run holding a large capture: a max in the millions with lod=0 is the empty-pyramid defect (see the MinMaxPyramid invariant below) — the renderer drawing every raw sample of a held event on every frame, which measured 6,000,073 segments and 100–230 ms a frame at 1 MS/s. raw frames are expected and cheap below 64 samples per pixel, which is where level_for()'s own gate puts the boundary. draw's max must sit at a frame near 0 — that is the warm-up (glyph atlas, first vertex-buffer growth); a late F is a frame whose own geometry was expensive and worth tracing. tick's max is the publish stall: publish_event() builds the snapshot's pyramids under mutex(), so a latch at over 1 MS/s costs one ~40 ms tick, which must not produce gaps. Both these lines and the disarm probe's axis=/snap= need a fast source to say anything — tools/mock_udpstreamer.py --rate 1300000 --batch 20000 — since at the default 10 kS/s a whole window fits in the raw path and the publish is too short to lose a race.
• trace ink: N paints checked, C collapsed, S staircase, H short, worst cover P% plus a [ink] paint N <flags> mode=.. axis=[..] n=.. idx=[..) spp=.. level=.. pts=.. kept=.. ink=[..] cover=..% x0=.. x_at=[..] bounds=[..] rel=[..] dx=.. kept_fixed_x0=.. drops=[..] back=.. line per anomalous frame (stderr) — collapsed and staircase must both be 0. This is the only check that can see a frame whose waveform vanished: staged_segments counts geometry including the grid and the instruments, and lod_traces counts a trace whose points are then collapsed, so both read healthy through the flicker. The probe runs on every painted frame that drew a trace and recomputes what the renderer did, through the same calls — neighbours() for the index window, the 64-spp gate for the level, gather(), then the increasing-suffix filter — and reports where the ink actually landed against the axis. collapsed is fewer than two distinct positions left (nothing to draw at all), staircase is the filter dropping over three quarters of the points, short is ink reaching under a quarter of the axis (reported only once the data spans the window, since a filling ring is meant to leave its left side empty). kept_fixed_x0 is the same filter with x0() hoisted out of the loop: it exceeding kept means x0() moved during the walk. back ≈ one ring span is the signature of the torn x0() read (see the cached-first-stamp invariant); so is an ink= range disjoint from axis=, or an idx= covering the whole ring with cover far over 100%. It is a race, so it needs load and a reason for long frames — tools/mock_udpstreamer.py --rate 1300000 --batch 2000 --clock-jitter 0.4 with the measurements and cursors panes up: UDPSCOPE_ENABLE_ALL_MS=1000 UDPSCOPE_PROBE_MEASURES_MS=2000 UDPSCOPE_PROBE_CURSORS_MS=3500 UDPSCOPE_EXIT_AFTER_MS=35000, which reported three staircase frames in each of three runs while the defect was live and none after. frame path:'s own numbers move with it (segments max 156078 → 19681), since a refused neighbours() gathers the whole ring.
• traceless paints: N (M after the first bind, last at paint P) and worst side/pane min width: W px, plus [gen] frame F generation A -> B (bound=.. empty=..) and [width-probe] ... lines (stderr) — three cheap per-frame counters that came out of the flicker hunt and each guard a documented invariant from the side the existing lines cannot see. M must be only the frames in a state that draws nothing: a traceless paint is legitimate in DisplayMode::Waiting, which is why the line carries mode= — UDPSCOPE_EXIT_AFTER_MS arms the trigger before it dumps, so a tail of them at the end of a run is expected. [gen] names each buffer rebuild as it happens with the bind state around it: a rebuild drops every ring's history, so the frames after one legitimately draw an empty plot, and blank view frames cannot see that (it asks whether the ring holds samples the view has not got, and a rebuilt ring holds none either) — so an unexplained [gen] burst is a structural change firing when nothing structural happened. worst side/pane min width is the "layout must not depend on content" invariant read from the demand side: a GtkLabel's minimum width is its text and a minimum wider than the screen is honoured by growing the toplevel, which hands the plot an allocation wider than the window; axes.w sees that a frame later and cannot name the cause, so the panes the tick rewrites are measured directly. The [width-probe] lines are the per-change detail behind the axes.w changes count, and a step over 100 px dumps the widget tree's wide subtrees — that is what the documented, intermittent ~320 px step wants read.

The probes are the regression net — when changing UI or plot-host behaviour, extend the probe/dump in src/ui.cpp rather than adding a separate harness.

Architecture

SPECS.md is the requirement document. README.md documents what was actually built, including deliberate deviations from the spec and known limitations — read it before concluding something is a bug.

Threads

Exactly two: a producer thread in Acquisition owns udps_client_t and calls udps_client_poll(); the GTK main thread owns every widget and GL context. They share ScopeModel under ScopeModel::mutex(), taken once per DATA frame by the producer and once per frame by the UI (tick() in src/ui.cpp) around RowSet::bind()/acquire(). Samples themselves cross via plot::data::RingBuffer (single producer, single consumer) and never through the lock. Cross-thread scalars are atomics on ScopeModel (trigger_enabled_, trigger_armed_, trigger_latches_, trigger_time_, event_, generation_). Two of them are a pair: the producer writes capture_edge_ before trigger_pending_ and those two carry release/acquire, so a consumer that sees a capture open sees which edge it belongs to.

Data path

ScopeModel holds one BufferStore (live()): one shared time-base ring plus one value ring per channel, sized by plan_partition() to cover --max-window seconds within the byte budget. The producer always writes it, whatever the trigger is doing — that is what guarantees a full pre-trigger history on the first latch after arming. The spec's second buffer (item 1) is the latched EventSnapshot, which is already an immutable copy of the captured window; see README for why two live rings were dropped.

What a trace binds to is ScopeModel::display_mode(), one of four states, and RowSet::bind() takes it as an argument rather than recomputing it:

• Live — no trigger: the live ring on the stream clock.
• Capturing — an edge has been accepted (so the pre window was full) and the post window is still filling: the live ring, on the coming event's own clock (display_epoch() == -edge), inside an axis already pinned to [-pre, +post]. The post side fills in view and the marker sits at x = 0 throughout.
• Held — the frozen EventSnapshot of the last event.
• Waiting — armed, nothing captured yet: blank.

Disarm during a capture publishes what the capture got to, then disarms: the producer cuts the window at the newest sample and that partial snapshot becomes the held event, so the picture on screen at the moment of the Disarm stays on screen. engine.disarm() clears pending_, which drops the display out of Capturing, and with nothing published the view fell back to the previous event — or to blank on a first capture. No event fired, so trigger_latches() is deliberately not bumped; ScopeModel::event_seq() counts published snapshots instead, and the frame tick keys its event framing on that. Keep the two distinct: the latch count is what the probes assert "how many events fired" with.

Capturing is a deliberate departure from SPECS:37 ("data visualisation should not be refreshed till next event"), asked for explicitly; that reading is what the old "never the live ring mid-capture" rule enforced. What survives of the rule is that Held binds the snapshot only — a held event is never quietly replaced by live data — and that the axis does not move during a capture: it is the event's window from the edge onwards, never a sliding live view.

display_mode() must be read once per frame and passed around (the tick does this, and hands it to bind()). The producer can open or close a capture between any two reads, and two reads in one frame put the bind, the epoch, the pin and the status line on different clocks.

Layers to keep straight:

• SignalInfo — one signal as the CONFIG described it. The unit of enable/disable.

• ChannelInfo / ChannelBuffer — the unit of acquisition and plotting. A ChannelBuffer is a plot::data::Series over a (value, time) ring pair.

• SlotSeries (src/channel.hpp) — a trace's stable series object, rebound each frame to either a ChannelBuffer or an EventSeries.

• RowSet (src/plot_host.hpp) — one plot::Figure of up to kMaxRows rows (added and removed one at a time by the layout editor), each a borrowed plot::Plot* with kSlotsPerRow fixed trace slots. The figure owns everything the rows have to agree on: the x window (one x link group every row joins), the live follow (the group's — a member's own axis must be XFollow::Off, since Figure::link_x() refuses a Live member), the left gutter and the crosshair.

• ExportTable (src/export.hpp) — the visible window as columns, collected from the snapshot or the live rings and handed to the .npy/.csv writers. Always the stored samples, never the LOD pyramid's buckets.

src/ui.cpp is the GTK4 window (toolbar, trigger panel, signal panel, plot box) plus the tick() frame function that binds, updates the trigger state and rewrites the status line. One plot::gtk4::PlotArea in figure mode draws the whole figure. It is by far the largest file.

Invariants worth knowing before editing

• plot::Plot cannot remove or retarget a trace. Hence fixed trace slots created up front and rebinding via SlotSeries; a name change (legend text) is the one thing that forces a rebuild. Cursors are parked outside the axis range instead of removed.

• A Figure's row count is fixed at construction, so RowSet::rebuild_all() builds a new figure and the area is handed it (PlotArea::set_figure()); it costs no GL state. That makes one path for "a row's traces changed" and "the row count changed", and it is why rebuild_all() restates a pinned event window (pinned_pre_/ pinned_post_) instead of re-framing on the live edge — a drop during trigger mode would otherwise throw the frozen view onto the stream, where nothing moves it off again until the next latch. PlotArea::create() is handed App::placeholder_plot, never a row: the area keeps a reference to the plot it was created with, and a rebuild destroys every row.

• The cursors are read back from the plots only while a gesture is on that row. Cursor::x is the free pointer position while a drag runs and the snapped value otherwise -- which is what the app itself wrote a frame earlier, or the snap of it. A tick that reads a row on every frame therefore adopts its own echo back, and -- because the vertical pair is one value shared by every row -- a row that has not been re-written yet hands the previous shared time straight back. That is the "drag it and it springs back" defect, and the fix is RowSet::sync_cursors(int drag_row): the tick passes the row whose controller reports grabbed_cursor() != kInvalid, and every other frame does nothing. The values are echoed back with CursorPlacement::Free for the same reason -- the controller snaps at the end of the gesture (Controller::end_drag()), and snapping the echo fights the hand that is still moving the cursor.

• The cursors' on/off is one flag on the RowSet, never a copy per row. It is one piece of state (the toolbar toggle) and the mode is one value; a per-row copy is something insert_row()'s clear_row(), or any rebuild, can clear behind the user's back, which is how a row added while the cursors were already on came up with its instruments parked while every other row showed them. The same goes for the vertical pair's x: it is one stream time for the figure, so it lives on the RowSet too, and Row keeps only what is genuinely per row (the rulers' values, the traces, the colours).

• A trace is a slot with a name and a channel; a name alone is not one. Row::channel[s] is re-resolved by RowSet::bind() every frame (slots are identified by name, see above), and -1 means the model built no channel for that name. Some names can never bind: the stream's time signal is skipped by build_channels_locked() however often it is enabled, so a slot holding it has a name for ever and data never. The plot showed nothing for it, which is why it went unnoticed, but the cursors pane's mix mode drew one line per named slot and so gave each phantom a row that could only read -- — "the pane shows a lot of empty signals that do not exist", six lines over three real traces. Two halves to the rule. (1) Anything that counts traces counts channel[s] >= 0, not !signal_name[s].empty() — and a per-frame bind means the cursors pane cannot key its rebuild on generation() alone, hence App::cursors_pane_bound, a bit per row/slot (kMaxRows * kSlotsPerRow is 32, so one std::uint32_t): a trace that appears without a structural change still gets its line. (2) apply_layout() refuses a name that cannot produce a channel (ScopeModel::is_time_signal()), because such a name was sticky: collect_layout() writes signal_name back verbatim, so one that got into a session file was re-saved every session for ever. The refusal also heals an existing file on the next save. How the names first got in is unexplained — the drop path already refuses a signal with no channel — most likely an older build or a CONFIG whose time signal was not yet classified as one; the fix is the stickiness and the counting, not a guess at the origin.

• A row's contents are state of the RowSet, not of the figure. insert_row() and remove_row() shift that state with carry_row() and let rebuild_all() re-deal the figure handles, so inserting above row 1 moves what row 1 plotted down to row 2 rather than renumbering the rows under the user. carry_row() deliberately copies fields instead of assigning a whole Row: a Row also holds the figure handles (plot, the axis and cursor ids) and the SlotSeries objects the traces point at, and those belong to the row's position. It clears the destination's slot bindings for the same reason — the next bind() re-resolves them, and without the clear the frame in between draws the moved row's samples under the new row's legend. Both call rebuild_all() themselves, so their callers must re-point the area (PlotArea::set_figure()) directly; relayout_areas() is no help, since it only acts on a dirty row.

• The layout editor's buttons are separate overlay children, never one transparent child covering the area. A GtkOverlay child is picked wherever its allocation is, and gtk_widget_set_can_target(FALSE) takes a widget's children out of picking with it, so a full-area GtkFixed would swallow every pan, drop and hover the editor is not interested in. Each button is therefore a small widget aligned to a corner or the centre and placed by its margins, and the overlay is only measured from its main child, so moving them cannot reach the plot's layout. They are placed from FigureLayout::rows — the rects the frame was drawn from — divided by PlotArea::device_scale(), because a Rect is framebuffer pixels and a GTK margin is logical ones. Reading the figure's own rects rather than dividing the widget height by the row count is what keeps a × on the row it names when the rows stop being an equal division. sync_layout_editor() runs every frame on purpose: gtk_widget_set_margin_*() returns early on an unchanged value, so a settled layout costs the comparisons and nothing else, and a resize needs no notification.

• Trace slots are identified by signal name, not channel index. Enabling a signal or a new CONFIG renumbers the channel list, so an index would silently re-point a trace at another signal.

• Any structural change rebuilds the buffer and drops history: a CONFIG, an enable/disable, a calibration change, or a change of display window that moves the decimation factor. Calibration is applied at ingest, which is why it re-partitions. ScopeModel::set_target_span() is the window's path in, and it re-plans only when time_stride actually changes, so walking the window inside one decade is free; it asks plan_partition() rather than recomputing the factor, because two expressions for that decision is how the buffer and the view end up disagreeing about the stored rate. It takes mutex() itself — do not call it holding the lock.

• The shared clock is decimated to fit the requested window; channels never are. A window too long to store at the wire rate used to be refused (the control was capped to Partition::span_s), which made a 600 s view of a 1 MS/s stream unreachable. plan_partition() now picks time_stride, a power of two, after the growth loop has bought all the ring the budget allows — deciding it earlier over-decimates by whatever factor growth was about to add. Per-channel stride[i] stays 1: a stride of round(dt_i / dt_fastest) keeps one sample per stride, and when that equals the signal's own period — a 2 kHz sine on a 1 MHz clock, stride 500 — every kept sample sits at the same phase and the channel plots flat.

• Decimation at ingest is an average, never a stride. Acquisition::on_data() reads and accumulates every sample and pushes the mean of each group of time_stride (value_acc_/value_acc_n_, and time_acc_ for the clock). That boxcar's first null is at the stored rate, so content that would fold back is attenuated instead of reappearing as a false low frequency — which is the whole reason decimation was once dropped entirely. Skipping the read for unstored samples re-introduces the aliasing; the UDPSCOPE_PROBE_WINDOW_MS run under --freq 2000 is the guard (see below). The stamp pushed is the group's mean, not its last member: that is where the boxcar's group delay puts the value, and stamping at the end of the group shifts every trace half a stored sample late. The accumulators are reset whenever time_stride or the channel count changes, so a re-plan starts a fresh group rather than finishing one at the wrong length. The LOD min/max pyramid still preserves the extremes of what is stored; a spike narrower than a group is now filtered away rather than aliased, which is the correct trade and is why the status line's rate field is worth reading.

• The trigger sees the stored (filtered) signal, not the wire signal. engine.process() is fed the averaged value, inside the if that pushes it. An edge found on a sample that is not in the buffer would be cut from data that does not contain it.

• The renderer maps the visible range onto indices through the series' own x, never the dx() grid. deps/plotter's Renderer::draw_traces asks Series::neighbours() for the bracketing samples. A grid walk is wrong for exactly the series this app plots: dx() here is a nominal spacing (the LOD level, a coarse snap) while the real stamps are the time ring, so the window it computes lands inside the visible range and the two end segments — the ones that draw into the left and right margins — are never emitted. That is the "empty margin when zoomed in" defect. The library test is a_sparse_window_between_samples_still_inks_both_margins (a stub whose dx() lies, with the window strictly between two samples). It is the guard, not the probe: [trig-probe/idx] now computes got from the same call the renderer makes, so it cannot catch a renderer that went back to the grid — what it still reports is the drift that made the walk wrong (dx_ratio).

• neighbours() is a binary search over the real stamps in every series here, the snapshot's included. EventSeries answered from the (x - x0()) / dx() grid — the walk the invariant above condemns: dx() is the mean spacing of the snapshot's stamps and the stamps are an arrival clock, so grid and clock drift apart by whatever that clock wandered over the capture. The renderer picks its visible index window from this call, so the drift arrived as a constant offset in seconds between the axis and the gathered geometry — and a constant number of seconds is a doubling share of the screen on every zoom step: 8 ms over a 2 s capture is invisible, and seven halvings later it is 374 px of blank left margin on a 716 px axis, with the ink pushed off the right-hand edge by the same amount. That is the "zooming into a held event clips it more and more from the left while the crosshair still reads the right values" report; the crosshair was right because it reads x_at(), a real stamp. ChannelBuffer always searched; the two now agree. A perfectly uniform source cannot show this at all — three probe runs against the ideal mock were clean — so the guard needs --clock-jitter (see UDPSCOPE_PROBE_EVENTZOOM_MS above).

• The Series grid contract does not hold for ChannelBuffer. x is a streamed timestamp, so dx()/x0() report a nominal grid (LOD level, coarse snap) while gather(), x_at(), neighbours() and x_bounds() use the real time ring. Nothing may walk that grid to find which samples a range covers — the renderer did, and it lost the two end segments (see the margin invariant above). gather() emits x relative to x0() because absolute epoch seconds do not survive f32.

• gather() emits x relative to x0() in every series here, EventSeries included, and the renderer adds x0() back. An event's stamps are small (edge relative, [-pre, +post]), so emitting them absolute does not overflow anything and does not look like a bug — it just draws the whole capture x0() = one pre-trigger window to the left of the axis. That was the "half the plot is empty / the marker sits at the end of the data / nothing is drawn but the crosshair reads values" defect: the crosshair reads x_at(), which was right all along. The probe's data= vs drawn= is the guard.

• Every series bound to a trace must carry a real MinMaxPyramid, including an immutable one. MinMaxPyramid::level_for() descends to level 0 — raw samples — on a pyramid with no levels, whatever n is, so a series that answers pyramid() with an empty one is re-gathered sample by sample on every frame it is bound. That was the "large data is laggy" defect: EventSeries had no pyramid, and a held 2 s capture at 1 MS/s staged 6 million segments per frame for as long as it stayed on screen. The pyramid lives on EventSnapshot, not on EventSeries: the snapshot is immutable, so it is built once in publish_event() inside the O(n) pass that already computes the y bounds, and the same channel on two rows shares it. It costs ≈1 byte per sample per channel. frame path:'s segments is the guard.

• EventSeries::gather() emits a bucket's envelope, not every 2^level-th sample. Point decimation hides exactly the spike the capture was triggered on; a scope has to draw a bucket's extremes. It needs no index rebasing, unlike the ring: the snapshot's pyramid is built from sample 0 and nothing is ever dropped from it, so window_base() is 0 and a window index is the absolute one.

• A dropped time slot is clamped, never answered with a sentinel. acquire() pins the published window to the value ring's base and both rings keep sliding afterwards — their capacities are equal, so there is no slack — which means the oldest few samples of a saturated window routinely point at time slots the producer has already overwritten. ChannelBuffer::time_of() therefore clamps to the oldest readable slot: a stamp of 0 would reach x_bounds(), and from there dx() and x0(), which is the renderer's whole index mapping — one unreadable slot inflated dx() by the ratio of elapsed stream time to the retained window and clipped the older part of every live view. The library's StreamSeries is immune for a reason worth copying: its x is x0 + i*dx, a function of the absolute index, so an overwritten slot costs a y value, never the geometry. Clamping buys the same bargain here.

• The window's first stamp is cached by acquire() and never read at paint time. The clamp above makes an unreadable slot survivable; it does not make reading it safe, and absolute(0) is not an ordinary slot — acquire() pins the window to values_->base(), so sample 0 is the ring's oldest, the very slot the producer is about to overwrite. time_of() checks the bounds and then copies, and when the producer laps the slot in between the stamp it returns is one whole ring-span too new. Everything else on a ChannelBuffer is read at paint time with no lock, and x0() is the origin the renderer reconstructs every trace point from (gather[i] + series.x0()), read both inside its increasing-suffix filter and again at stage_xy() — so one torn read of that one slot produced three pictures, all of them "the waveform is gone while the grid and the axes stay": neighbours() tests against x_at(0) and refused the whole visible range (the renderer then gathered the entire ring at a coarse level and drew it off the axis — idx=[0..8388608) level=7 cover=320%); x0() changing during the filter loop dropped three quarters of the points; and stage_xy() shifted the finished polyline a ring-span off its axis. That is the "with measurements and cursors active the plot flickers as if there were no data, at no constant frequency" defect. It is live only (a snapshot is immutable, so x0() is constant for Held/Paused), it is a race against packet arrival so it is irregular, and the measurements pane makes it both likelier and larger: the pane holds mutex() for each MeasureWindowReader's life, so the released producer bursts several packets at once. acquire() runs on the consumer under ScopeModel::mutex() — the same lock the producer's pushes hold — and the window is pinned on the line above, so that is the one point in the object's life where the slot is safe to read; window_x0_ is also the right answer rather than merely a stable one (it is the stamp sample window_base actually carries, where a paint-time clamp answered with whatever slot happened to be oldest now). x_at(0) is served from it too, for the same reason, and invalidate() clears it with the window. The guard is trace ink: / [ink] (see Verification). The same torn read still exists for a small i > 0 — the oldest frame or so of samples — but there its observable is a prefix plateau, which is exactly what the renderer's increasing-suffix filter was written to absorb, so it is a different symptom and deliberately not fixed here.

• clamp_to_data() caps the span at the requested window, never at the retained span. It runs every frame and cannot distinguish "the user zoomed out past the data" from "the ring has only just started filling", so window_s_ — what the window control states, capped by --max-window — is the bound. Clamping to retained alone turned a requested 2 s window into the ~0.02 s the first frames held, permanently: nothing there grows a span back. Loosening it to max(retained, window_s_) fixed that and broke the other state instead — while the ring is filling the two are equal, but once it holds more than the window the bound becomes the whole ring, and a wheel zoom-out walked the view into data the window was never set to show. window_s_ is right in both: it never shrinks a window a caller asked for, and a partly filled buffer is left empty on its left, which is what a scope that just started should look like. UDPSCOPE_PROBE_PAN_MS reports it as zoom ... span=.. window=.. limited=1. Its pan clamping is likewise gated on the data being wider than the view, or the empty left-hand side drags the live edge off the right-hand edge.

• Layout must not depend on content. The y gutter is reserved at the widest label TickFormat::Si can produce and only ever grows; the status label is ellipsized so its text cannot drive the paned divider. Both exist to stop per-frame relayout. The same rule is why the activity badge is one glyph in three colours rather than three glyphs, why the rate field collapses to one figure or a range instead of a per-channel list, and why format_elapsed() steps to a coarser unit instead of letting the counter grow: each is a status field whose width would otherwise depend on the stream, and the status row is directly above the plot. The reservation goes on the figure (Figure::set_min_y_gutter(), added to the plotter for this), not on the rows: Figure::layout() clears every row's set_min_y_gutter() to measure what its own labels need, so a floor written onto the rows survives exactly until the next layout.

• Signals start disabled — enabling is what starts acquisition. A trigger on a signal nobody acquires can never fire, so selecting/arming enables it.

• The trigger's event window is separate from the display window, and pretrigger_pct is a share of the event span, not of the ring.

• The event window is counted in stream seconds end to end; nothing converts it to a sample count. TriggerEngine latches once the stamps it is fed have advanced past the post window, and ScopeModel::publish_event() cuts the snapshot by binary search over the time ring. There used to be a measured samples-per-second estimate in Acquisition doing that conversion, and it is precisely why the post window came out empty: any stream whose time signal advances in large steps drove it to its 1 S/s floor, the count came out as 1, and the engine latched on the edge sample itself. Do not reintroduce a rate estimate on this path.

• A pinned window is clamped into the event every frame, and a zoom in is allowed. While an event is held, a capture is filling, or the view is paused, tick() calls RowSet::hold_pinned_window(), which caps the span at [-pinned_pre_, +pinned_post_]'s and clamps the position into it (and states Off, since a following group would re-derive from a live edge). A zoom in must keep working -- "not outside the event" is not "not readable", and this function's first version re-stated the pin every frame, which made the wheel a no-op in single trigger mode: an acquired event could not be examined at all. The request is read from the row's own axis, not from the group. A member's set_x_range -- what the controller writes for a gesture -- is not adopted into the group while the follow is off, so a clamp that read the group only ever saw its own previous answer (the probe showed group and member both equal to the pin while the ask was gone). pinned_stated_ remembers what the clamp last wrote: a member that matches it is our own answer coming back, one that differs is a gesture to honour -- which is also what keeps a fresh pin (pin_event_window(), pin_pause_window(), both of which write the group in the same tick) from being reverted to the member's stale window. Without it nothing bounds a drag or a zoom in those states: the library clamps a following group's offset only, and the live clamp is deliberately skipped here — so a gesture walked the frozen view off its axis, over data the scope never had. The two are one branch in tick() for that reason. A paused view pins the same way (pin_pause_window() sets pinned_ from the frozen range), so the frozen picture is equally immovable; resuming or leaving trigger mode clears it.

• The session is the layout. LayoutState persists what makes a reopened scope look like the one that was closed: the window, the rows and their slot signals, the calibration, the enabled signals, the math channels with their graphs and the measurements pane. Signal identity is the name throughout (a CONFIG renumbers channels), 'enabled' is read off the channels the model built -- an enabled signal is exactly one that produced a channel -- and apply_layout() installs the graphs before assigning the rows, since a row may hold a math channel's name and that name is only a signal once its graph is in. Two format rules, both learned the hard way: write an op or a measure type as its index through math_op_at()/measure_type_at(), never as the raw enum value -- those accessors' orders are the dialog's, not the declaration order, so writing one and reading the other silently renames operations. And a top-level key written after a [[table]] belongs to that table in TOML: enabled = [...] emitted after [[calibration]] was parsed into the last calibration record and the enable state was lost without a word. mkdirs() used to create only components with a trailing slash, so ~/.config/udpscope was never made and the first save failed silently -- worth knowing when a layout change "does not stick".

• A math channel is a channel. ScopeModel::set_math_channels() appends one synthetic SignalInfo (with math = true) per math channel after the stream's own, so the panel's switch, the plot binding, the measurements and the export all handle a derived channel without knowing it is derived -- and another math channel is a valid Source for exactly the same reason. The samples come from the producer: Acquisition::on_data() collects each channel's value for the slot and calls ScopeModel::push_math_sample() once per stored slot, before the deferred latch (publish_event() clamps its snapshot to every ring's produced(), so a derived sample pushed later would be missing from the capture's newest slot). The math therefore runs on the stored (filtered, decimated) samples, which is also why math_prepare() gets slot_dt() * time_stride: a cutoff the user typed in Hz means the rate the filter will actually run at. src/math_channel.cpp is the engine: a graph evaluated as a list walked in order, so a node may only read ones before it and a cycle is impossible by construction rather than by a check (math_channel_valid() states that as a message the dialog shows). /tmp/check_math.cpp-style checks verified the biquads against known responses (LP fc=100 Hz: 50 Hz -> 0.97, 2 kHz -> 0.002; BP fc=1 kHz q=2: 200 Hz -> 0.05, 1 kHz -> 0.95, 4 kHz -> 0.05) -- keep test sines below Nyquist: at dt = 1/10000 a "5 kHz" test tone is the Nyquist point itself and says nothing. The editor is the compact graph: nodes as boxes on a GtkDrawingArea, click to select (its parameters in the form beside it), click an output port then an input port to wire, drag to move; no pan/zoom. Its widgets are created once and only shown, hidden and set by math_dialog_sync(), so no rebuild can invalidate a live callback handle -- the same shape the measurements dialog uses. UDPSCOPE_PROBE_MATH_MS defines two graphs and opens the editor (a construction crash test as much as a state check), and the dump prints each derived channel's extremes beside the source's. Read it on the fast mock, where the two assertions that matter are gaps=0 (the math is on the producer thread, so what it can break is packet capture, never the frame rate) and each math '<name>': ... N samples vs M time slots being equal, with math x2 at y=[-2, 2], math lp at y=[-0.998, 0.998] and math3 at y=[-2, 2]. The 0 visible (order breaks 0, first at -1), y=[0, 0] tail of that line is not a failure: it is visible_samples() reading row 0's axis after the window was destroyed, and UDPSCOPE_EXIT_AFTER_MS arms the trigger first, so the dump can land in Waiting. The live ch N '<name>' ... y=[..] lines are the race-free reading of the same thing. math cost: S slots, N ns/slot (T timed), X ms total est is the per-slot cost; see the math-cost invariant below for why it is sampled, why it is an upper bound, and why a figure anywhere in 78--101 ns/slot is one reading of the same thing. Four rules here were wrong first and are worth keeping:

  • A Source may only name an acquired channel -- ScopeModel::channels(), which is what the dialog's dropdown lists, and both places that create a node must take one from there. signals().front() is the stream's timestamp signal: it is first in every CONFIG, it is not acquired, and a graph sourced from it validates and then reads NaN for ever. The dialog's default was fixed first and the pane's + was not, which is what "[ch] -> [gain x2] produces only nan" was. The dropdown also reconciles: a node whose source is not in the list is moved to what the form is showing, rather than the form showing one channel while the node holds another, and Apply refuses a source that is not acquired (the engine's validator is about the graph -- an output, every input wired above it -- and cannot see the acquired list).
  • The ingest must skip a derived channel. Acquisition::on_data() iterates every channel and reads each one from the packet, so a math channel with no signal read zero and pushed it -- while push_math_sample() pushed the real value on the same slot. Two pushes per slot into a ring whose time ring advances once: the values alternated between the real one and 0, and once both rings wrapped the value ring had drifted a whole window off the time ring, so the derived trace disappeared. ChannelInfo::math is the flag (channel.math) and the loop continues on it. A derived channel's values(c).produced() must equal live().time().produced() -- one push per stored slot -- and the dump prints both as N samples vs M time slots for exactly this: the arithmetic on the plot can look plausible long after the pairing is wrong.
  • gtk_window_destroy() does not emit close-request. The math dialog's pointer is cleared by a close-request handler, so a Cancel that destroyed the window left app.math_dialog pointing at a dead widget: every later open_math_dialog() took the "already open" branch and presented it -- a GTK critical, and nothing on screen, which is "I cannot edit a math channel again". Both paths close (gtk_window_close()), which emits the signal, lets the handler clear the pointer, and then destroys. The same lesson as the other GTK traps here: a programmatic destroy is not a user close, and only one of them runs the handlers.
  • Boxes must not overlap on the canvas. The first auto-place staggered nodes by 24 px for a 132 px box, so every box sat on the one before it, math_node_at()'s topmost-first search always returned the last, and a drag or a click landed on the wrong node -- which reads as the dialog ignoring the pointer. Two columns spaced 160 px apart, rows 58. The probe prints the box the drag began over for exactly this reason. Offering the whole signal list let a graph name something nobody is acquiring (no data for ever) and put the stream's timestamp signal, which has no samples, in it.
  • prepare_math_locked() runs from rebuild_locked(), so every plan change re-prepares the filters: a CONFIG, an enable/disable, and a window change that moves the decimation (that path is set_target_span() -> rebuild_locked()). Coefficients are a function of the stored interval and the filter's state is the old rate's history, so both are rebuilt together. Preparing only on an edit left the cutoff wrong and the state ringing after any window change -- that is what "I tested a low pass and it was a mess" was.
  • The graph's output defaults to the last node, and a node added to a linear graph becomes it. The output began at index 0 -- the source -- so every operation a user built was computed and then thrown away: a gain of 2 and a low pass both produced a channel equal to its input. The output is drawn as the orange dot and settable explicitly, so an earlier node chosen deliberately is kept; this is the default for a graph that has never been given a choice.
  • gtk_spin_button_new_with_range() can leave the value at the range's minimum. The offset field began at -1e6, and on_math_param_changed() reads the widgets, so x*2 saved as x*2 - 2000000. Every numeric field is seeded with its own identity value; the range-minimum default is never a useful starting point for a gain or a corner frequency.
  • The form's rows are grouped per op, not per field: gain and offset are one group because gain + offset is one op. The offset was a row of its own that nothing ever hid, which read as a property of every node.
  • A GtkSpinButton holds zero decimals by default, so every numeric field sets its digits (4 for gain/offset/clamp, 3 for fc/Q); without that a 12.5 Hz cutoff was stored as 12 and a gain of 0.25 as 0. And the canvas drag reports the total offset from where the gesture began, so adding each update's delta to a value the handler then writes back is a runaway box -- it must record the position at drag-begin and ignore a drag that did not begin on a box.

• Every instrument this app computed is out of the pointer's reach. The trigger marker and the measurement marks are cursors created with Plot::add_cursor()/add_h_ruler(), and a cursor is grabbable by default -- so each takes set_cursor_selectable(id, false). Parking it outside the axis is not enough: the controller holds a marker for the gesture's life and follows the pointer between frames, so a readout parked at kParked could still be dragged. The trigger marker says where the scope put the edge and a measurement mark says what a measurement measured; neither is something a user may move. The dump prints readout instruments locked: N, which must be 1 -- a drag is not something a probe can perform, so the state is what is asserted.

• A pinned view is navigable within its data, and that is the bound -- not the request. Two things had to agree for this, and both were wrong in the same direction: the pause pinned on the window it asked for rather than on the snapshot it got (a cut clamped to the ring is shorter), and the held event pinned on the snapshot's recorded pre_s/post_s -- the request again -- which a capture shorter than the request exceeds. Either way the shortfall was drawn as an empty margin, and a zoom-in moved the view into it, which is what made it look as if zooming caused it. tick() now re-states the pin from RowSet::event_data_window() (the bound event series' own stamps) while an event is held, from the snapshot's stamps on a pause, and pin_pause_window()/the pause handler set the axis to it as well; [pause-probe] prints axis= beside frozen_x= and the axis must lie inside. A Capturing view is the exception and stays on the requested [-pre, +post]: its post side is empty on purpose, and that is the capture filling in view, not a margin.

• A pause is pinned from its snapshot's own stamps too, not from the window it requested. The pause freezes the visible window, but publish_pause_view() cuts that window out of the ring and the cut is clamped to what the ring holds -- so a window reaching back past the oldest retained sample produces a shorter snapshot. Pinning the axis to the request left the shortfall as an empty margin on the left, visible before any zoom and made worse by one: zooming in moved the view into the empty part, which is what made it look as if zooming caused it. The pin is the snapshot's own stamps now. [pause-probe] prints axis= beside frozen_x=, and while paused the axis must lie inside frozen_x -- equal at the moment of the pause, a subset afterwards if the probe zoomed in. Before the fix the two disagreed outright: axis=[-1.44..0.56] over data that started at 0.0. (The event pin already worked this way; the pause now agrees.)

• The event axis is pinned from the snapshot's own stamps, not from the request. A capture may legitimately be shorter than asked for — the ring need not reach back a full pre-trigger share on the first latch after arming, so snap=[-0.339..1.000] for a ±1 s request is correct there rather than a defect.

• The frame that frames a snapshot is the one that consumes its event_seq(). The tick reads display_mode() before it takes mutex(), while the producer publishes inside that mutex and lowers trigger_pending only at the end of its packet — so a tick can read Capturing, block on the lock through publish_event(), and reach the framing step with a new sequence number it is not bound to. (The other case is benign and was always handled: a publication and the next edge in one frame, where the capture has framed its own window.) Advancing seen_event_seq on such a frame dropped the pin permanently — the axis kept the capture's requested [-pre, +post] over a shorter snapshot and event_held stayed false, letting clamp_to_data() drag the frozen view — so the test is seq != seen_event_seq && display == Held and the pin stays owed until a frame is bound to the snapshot. Visible only at high rates, where the publish is long enough to lose the race often; [disarm-probe]'s axis= against snap= is the guard, which means running the disarm probe at 10 kS/s alone does not check this.

• A capture in progress is the one place the axis is pinned from the request. There is no snapshot to measure yet, so DisplayMode::Capturing frames [-(span - post_span_s(span)), +post_span_s(span)] — computed with the producer's own TriggerConfig::post_span_s(), not a second expression that rounds differently, because the marker at x = 0 has to land where the coming cut will put it. The latch then re-pins from the snapshot, and the two agreeing is why the picture does not jump at the latch.

• clamp_to_data() must be skipped while capturing as well as while event_held. A capture is live data on a pinned axis — the exact combination the clamp was written for and against: it would follow the live edge and drag the frozen window off the event.

• publish_event() cuts one absolute index range and uses it for the time ring and every value ring. That is what makes stamps and each values[c] equal-length and index-aligned by construction instead of by two truncations that can disagree — EventSeries::gather() indexes both at the same i.

• live_window_locked() is the one live cut, shared by publish_event() and the export. Both need the same absolute index range over the time ring and every value ring, or an export and a capture of the same window would hold different samples. Call it under mutex().

• A trace's colour is indexed by signal, not by trace slot. Row::color_index stores it and signal_color_index() (ui.cpp) computes it from the signal list, so a signal dropped on two rows is one colour and the signal panel's chip names a trace unambiguously. plot::Plot fixes a colour at add_trace(), so changing one needs a figure rebuild — which assign() already forces. A signal on no plot gets RowSet::unplotted_color() (grey) rather than no chip, so the panel's rows stay the same height.

• The export is collected at click time, not in the file-dialog callback. The live view keeps scrolling while the chooser is up, so a late collection would write a window the user never saw. The writer is picked by the chosen path's extension.

• The measurements pane is refreshed on a cadence, and its cost is the window's, not the frame's. A measurement is a statistic of the visible window and a live view moves that window every frame, so "recompute when the window moves" is "recompute every frame" at O(visible samples) per measurement. With the pane holding four measurements over a 4.7M-sample window that measured 13.66 ms of tick mean (baseline 0.41 ms) and cost the run a third of its frames. Three things fixed it, and all three matter: update_measures() recomputes at most every kMeasureRefreshUs (100 ms; 400 ms when a pass costs more than kMeasureHeavyUs), once when the window settles and once per mode change -- and reading that backwards is what made it worse first, 457 recomputes in one run, because a pinned window then recomputed every frame; the window is materialized in bounded chunks (never two whole-window f32 temporaries) and the loop holds it by reference (copying both vectors per measurement was 300 MB of memcpy a frame); and measure_stats() is one shared pass carrying both extremes with their first positions, the sum and the count, so average/min/max/peak-to-peak/amplitude need no pass of their own. Adding a type must not add a pass -- that is what compute_measure()'s stats argument is for. The marks' ink is set where they are created (install() in plot_host.cpp): 0.75 px and dashed 4/4 through Plot::set_cursor_stroke(), which is per cursor because the trigger marker (also a cursor) keeps the solid line_width_px stroke. A new measure mark must take that stroke -- it is created in the same loop, so it does; a new instrument should not. The marks the pane draws (set_measure_marks() -- full-width h_rulers and full-height cursors, i.e. the "lines across the plot") are re-placed every frame from the result, so a throttled pass is a stepped ruler: acceptable, because the ruler and the number beside it come from the same pass and agree. What is not acceptable is a ruler that appears and disappears, so an invalid pass falls back to the last valid result for its level marks and only drops its time marks: a level is a property of the signal (a mean, a top, an amplitude) and outlives the window it was measured in, while a time mark is a position inside that window and may not. Both are emitted in one pass after the numbers, never inside the loop that computes them: that loop has three continues (an unresolvable signal, a channel with no window) and each one was a way for the rulers to blink off and back. Fixing one and not the others is how that bug survived a round of "fixes". clamp fires: N in the dump is the other half of this: clamp_to_data() compares with a relative tolerance, because clamping to exactly window_s_ can leave the group's span an ULP above it and a clamp that fires every frame is a re-frame loop, not a clamp.

• A measurement must not read its window raw. Both passes go through plot::data::MinMaxPyramid, which the producer already maintains at amortised O(1) -- so the pane inherits the summary of the new samples rather than computing one, which is what the "evaluate only on new samples" ask comes to here. Throttling the cadence (above) bounded how often; this bounds how much, and it is the larger factor: 19.7 ms per recompute to 1.2--1.6 ms, reading 0.1 % of a 2 M-sample window. Pass one (measure_scan_buckets()) adds whole level-0 buckets -- 64 samples each, carrying min, max an exact sum and a finite count -- and locates each extreme to a bucket; one raw measure_scan() of that bucket alone then pins it to a sample, two buckets at most whatever the window's size. Pass two (measure_accumulate_bucket()) folds a bucket whole only when it lies strictly on one side of its level (k.lo > level or k.hi < level): then every sample decides the same side, none is at the level, and an entering edge is exactly the bucket's first sample -- which is where the raw walk would have found it, so this is exact and not an approximation. It refuses a bucket that straddles, and a bucket holding a non-finite sample, because the raw walk takes the first finite sample of the new side and an aggregate cannot say which that is; the caller then opens that bucket. Four things this rests on, each of which breaks it silently:

  • Exactness is the point, so nothing may stride or decimate. peak to peak must still read exactly 2 on a unit sine and top exactly 0.636620 (2/pi). A bucket's sum is a sum.
  • The bucket index space must be the window's. ChannelBuffer::acquire() calls pyramid_.drop_before(values_->base()), so a channel's pyramid is in the value ring's absolute index space -- the same space live_window_locked() answers in, since a channel's stride is always 1. The snapshot's pyramid is built from sample 0 and never dropped from, so its space is the snapshot's own. MeasureWindowReader::origin_ is what turns one into a window offset, and a mismatch there measures the wrong samples rather than failing.
  • The raw path stays, and stays exact, for the window's partial edge buckets, for the samples produced since this frame's acquire_all() (one frame of production, so bounded), and for the straddling buckets. A window shorter than a bucket degrades to O(window) and must still be right.
  • Both passes walk the same fetched bucket list (App::measure_bucket_scratch, reused across recomputes -- a 2 M-sample window is 32 k buckets). Fetching twice is a second walk of the pyramid for nothing. measure cost:'s covered/buckets/raw is the guard, and it needs the fast mock to say anything.

• The math channels' cost is the producer's, and the instrument must not be part of it. push_math_sample() runs once per stored slot -- up to the wire rate -- so what a regression here looks like is gaps, never a frame time. Three things were taken off that path and must not come back: a std::vector local (a heap allocation and free per slot; it is the member math_values_, assign()d), a Source node's channel resolved by name per sample (a linear scan with a std::string compare per candidate, per node, per slot, behind a type-erased call -- math_prepare() resolves it once into MathNodeRt::src, and every rebuild re-prepares), and a fetch_add on the cost counters. That last one was 20-25 % of the measured figure: a lock xadd costs about what a two-node graph's whole arithmetic does, so counting the slots cost more than the work being counted. The counters are producer-written only, so each is a relaxed store() of a value already in hand (math_slot_count_ and friends). Two things about the figure itself:

  • It is sampled, one slot in kMathCostSample, and it is an upper bound. A slot's work is the same order as one clock_gettime, so the measured slot carries a clock read. Timing a run of consecutive slots to amortise that away is wrong and was tried: the producer gets its slots a packet at a time, so a run long enough to be worth timing straddles a packet boundary now and then and charges the measured slots the wait for the next packet. At 2000 samples a packet a 64-slot run crosses one ~3 % of the time, and a ~1.5 ms gap spread over 64 slots reported 799 ns/slot against the true ~80. One slot is always inside one packet.
  • 78--101 ns/slot is one reading. Four identical-config runs spread that far, so the per-slot path is at the noise floor of this harness and a micro-optimisation cannot be shown to work here. Converting MathRuntime from eight parallel std::vector<double> to one array of MathNodeRt was measured and bought nothing -- at six nodes the whole runtime is L1-resident either way. It was kept for the shape, not for a number; do not expect a cache argument to pay at this size.

• The status line's per-second fields are measured once a second, not per frame. App::stored_rate/declared_rate and the label's tooltip are refreshed on the same tick as the channel dump; the status line only formats what is already there. The badge's markup is likewise rewritten on a change of phase (twice a second), never on all sixty frames.

• A notify::<prop> handler takes three parameters, a value-changed handler two. GObject::notify passes (GObject*, GParamSpec*, gpointer) while GtkSpinButton::value-changed passes (GtkSpinButton*, gpointer), so one callback cannot serve both: on the notify:: connection the GParamSpec* lands in the user_data slot and the handler dereferences it as its App*. G_CALLBACK is a cast, so nothing warns. That is why the trigger panel's spin buttons and its dropdowns have separate thin entry points (on_trigger_field_changed, on_trigger_drop_changed) onto one publish_trigger_fields(): changing the edge or Normal/Single dropdown used to segfault outright. UDPSCOPE_PROBE_FIELDS_MS is the guard.

• GtkDropDown's notify::selected arrives after the set_selected() that caused it returns, so the updating_panels flag — set around a programmatic write and cleared when it returns — does not suppress it. Where the write is part of a readout the handler reads back, that is a feedback loop: sync_window_display() writes a value rounded for reading into the window entry and picks the unit for it, and the late notify had on_window_unit_changed() re-parse that rounded text, turning a 500 s request into 499.98 s. The guard is App::window_sync_unit — the unit we last synced — and a selection equal to it is ours, since GTK only notifies on a change. Any new control that both writes and reads a GtkDropDown needs the same shape; the flag alone is not enough.

• The window control's label is width-locked and ellipsized (kWindowLabelChars), for the same reason as the status label: it sits in the header bar above the plot, so a label that grew from 1 s to 123.456 ms would widen the bar and relayout everything under it on a mere change of window. That is also why the window is typed into a popover rather than shown in the bar.

• apply_time_window() is the only place the display window changes. It clamps to window_limit() and moves RowSet::set_time_window() and ScopeModel::set_event_span() together, because the trigger's pre-trigger share is a share of this window. Paths that change the span for their own reasons (Fit, an event pin) call sync_window_display() instead, which only restates the control and never moves the plot — calling apply_ there would clamp a legitimately short capture up to the requested window.

• The header bar's buttons are icon-only, so headless probes must reach them through the App pointers (trigger_toggle, pause_button, …), not via find_labelled_button(). The pane switches are toolbar buttons too (cursors_toggle, measures_toggle, math_toggle -- packed with header_bar_pack_end(), where the first packed is the rightmost, and the bar is an ancestor rather than the parent because packing parents into an internal box), and the cursors pane owns its own Reset button rather than the overflow menu owning one for it. The dump prints panel controls: … ; toolbar, left to right: … to say where they are and in what order. The widget tree's child order is the visual order left to right, so that line reads as the reverse of the pack order -- it is how an arrangement gets checked with no screenshot, and it is what finally settled the pack-order rule above (two comments in build_toolbar() disagreed with each other and one of them with reality): it is computed on the first tick, because the dump runs after the window is destroyed and asking GTK about a widget then is four criticals, which is how the first version of that line earned them. What stays in the menu is what acts on the data (Fit, Export) and the two editors that are not panes (Layout, Signal list). The Arm/Disarm button in the trigger panel still has text.

• Four of the toolbar icons are this app's own, and they are a GResource compiled into the binary. No icon theme has a glyph for an oscilloscope trigger, a pair of cursors or a measurement ruler, and the stock names those buttons used to carry said something else entirely: a record dot for the trigger and three different magnifiers for cursors, measurements and math. src/icons/scalable/actions/udpscope-{trigger,cursors,measure,math}-symbolic.svg are bundled by src/icons/udpscope.gresource.xml (CMake runs glib-compile-resources) and reached through the gtk_icon_theme_add_resource_path() at the top of build_toolbar(). A resource rather than files beside the binary because udpscope is run straight out of the build tree and has no install step. Five authoring rules, each of which fails quietly:

  • GTK's symbolic recolour only reaches fill on path, rect and circle. It wraps the SVG in a stylesheet for those selectors, so a stroke, a line or a polyline keeps the colour written in the file and stays dark on a dark theme. Everything is a filled path.
  • Whole-pixel coordinates, because these are drawn at 16 px far more often than not: the first draft placed features on half-pixels and the whole icon was a grey smear at 1x.
  • fill-rule="evenodd" is how the ruler's body is a hole and its ticks still fill -- a tick inside the hole is three crossings deep, which is odd. Nonzero would fill the hole back in.
  • Overlapping subpaths under the default nonzero rule must be wound the same way or they cancel instead of uniting. All of them run clockwise.
  • -- is illegal inside an XML comment and librsvg refuses the whole file for it. gtk_icon_theme_has_icon() is checked for every toolbar button and reported by the dump (see toolbar icons: under Verification): a resource path that was never added does not raise an error, it draws image-missing.

• The chooser runs before ScopeModel exists, and --server is what decides. Config carries server_specified, set only by the --server branch, and main() asks only when it is false — so declining costs no buffer and no socket, and ScopeModel, Acquisition, RowSet and run_ui() need no notion of "no source yet". It is --server alone and not "no arguments": --multicast still needs a server to fetch CONFIG from. Every documented probe passes --server, which is what makes the feature invisible to the regression net — a probe added without it would reach the chooser and hang. gtk_init() plus a nested GMainLoop, and then run_ui()'s GtkApplication afterwards in the same process, is a verified combination (gtk_init() is idempotent; running your own loop is the documented GTK4 replacement for the removed gtk_dialog_run()).

• A session file's name cannot say how its source was reached, so the file says it. <host>_<port>.toml carries neither the multicast group nor the interface, so a chooser row could not reconnect to a multicast source at all. LayoutState::multicast/interface_addr are written in the top block, before the first [[table]] — a bare key after a table header is that table's key in TOML, which is exactly how enabled was parsed into the last [[calibration]] record and lost without a word. A file from an older build has neither key and loads as unicast on the default route. The chooser's list filters to sessions that name at least one signal, because a probe run leaves a file per throwaway port and all of them hold signals = ["", "", "", ""]; known_sources() splits the filename at the last _, since sanitize() turns anything unsafe in a host into one.

• Every source file carries an SPDX MIT header; match it in new files.